Novel foods

Regulatory evaluation of the native ingredient before processing (plant, animal product, other source…) in EU Member States that specifically qualify it (positive/negative lists, potential doctrines…)

 
Procedure selection

• Consultation process according to Regulation (EU) 2018/456
• Traditional food from third countries process according to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
• Complete procedure according to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Scientific gap analysis of the data in accordance with Regulatory admissibility criteria

• Characterization data on the food/ingredients
• History of consumption on the food/ingredients
• Pharmacokinetic data on the food/ingredients
• Allergenicity data on the food/ingredients
• Safety/toxicological data on the food/ingredients

Experts Recommendations

• Strengths and weaknesses of the substantiation
• Complementary elements to provide including additional toxicology and/or quality studies

File constitution & submission

• Preparation of the file.
• EC submission and EFSA assessment

Authorities follow up & exchange (EFSA & European Commission)

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Novel Food regulation: recalls and hot topics

Introduction

Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, applicable since 1 January 2018, allows novel foods to be subject to simpler, clearer regulation and a more efficient and fully centralised authorisation procedure at EU level, allowing safe and innovative foods to be placed on the EU market quickly without compromising a high level of public health.

What is a novel food?

A novel food remains defined in Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 as a food for which human consumption was negligible in the European Union before 15 May 1997, when the first novel food regulation came into force with Regulation (EC) 258/97.

The sources from which novel foods are derived are plants, animals, microorganisms, cell cultures, minerals, etc. Novel foods may come from specific categories of foods (insects, vitamins, minerals, food supplements, etc.), foods resulting from production processes and advanced practices and technologies (e.g. new or intentionally modified molecular structure, nanomaterials), which were not produced or used before 1997 and can therefore be considered as novel foods.

Examples of novel foods include agricultural products from third countries (chia seeds), newly produced nutrients (synthetic zeaxanthin) or extracts of existing foods (rapeseed protein). Genetically modified foods (Regulation (EC) 1829/2003), food enzymes (Regulation (EC) 1332/2008), food additives (Regulation (EC) 1333/2008), food flavourings (Regulation (EC) 1334/2008) and extraction solvents (Directive 2009/32/EC) remain excluded from the scope of this regulation.

Novel foods may not be placed on the market or used in food for human consumption until they are included in the Union list, which stipulates the specifications of the novel food and its conditions of use (dose, food matrix, etc.), and groups the novel foods authorised to be placed on the market in the Union.

An ingredient can only be in one of the three situations illustrated in the diagram below. The ingredient is either not new and therefore useable (unless there are national restrictions), new and therefore not authorised, or new in the EU but traditional in a third country. In all cases the novel food status of an ingredient must be justifiable.

How do you justify that an ingredient is not new?

Many sources of literature are useful in defining whether or not an ingredient is new. If the ingredient is on the Union list of novel foods and/or its updates (Implementing Regulations), does it correspond to the specifications, conditions of use, etc. of the new ingredients already authorised? National positive lists and interpretations by national authorities in Member States considering the ingredient as native before processing may also be indicative. The type of preparation of a plant, its manufacturing process, solvents used, plant/extract ratio, active ingredient content, etc. make it possible to define whether a preparation is new or not. If a plant is included in the list of authorised plants, this does not mean that all preparations derived from it are authorised. For example, the French decree on plants specifies the type of preparation expected for certain plants (hydroalcoholic extract for the guava tree, cooking for the tribe…). The Novel Food Catalogue lists the knowledge shared by the Member States concerning certain ingredients. Documents proving a history of significant human consumption of food in the European Union before 15 May 1997 can thus prove the Novel Food status of an ingredient. Such documents are sales statistics, sales invoices, information on quantities sold, import documents, declarations or certificates from other EU Member States (it must be clearly stated that the novel food status has been assessed), labels with dates, catalogues, sales brochures, kitchen recipes… Note that a price list alone or photos of products are not sufficient, as this does not show that the product was marketed in the EU and/or before 1997. It is important that the proof of consumption mentions the date (before 15/05/97) and the commercial territory concerned (EU).

As stated in Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, food business operators must verify the novel food or non-food status of the food they place on the market. In case of doubt they must follow the consultation procedure for the determination of novel food status, according to the implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/456.

In case of doubt, the consultation procedure on the novel food status

A request for consultation to define the novel food status or not of an ingredient consists of the elements to characterise it and evidence of its significant consumption history in the EU before 15 May 1997. The characterisation of the ingredient is done on the basis of its specifications, certificates of analysis demonstrating its regulatory compliance in terms of quality and contaminants, its production process and any other supporting data such as bibliography. The consumption history comes back to what is mentioned above, i.e. documents from sales, imports, publications etc… proving that the food was consumed in the normal diet in the EU before May 1997. This procedure is very rapid and the recipient Member State reaches a conclusion on the novel food status of a food within four months from the date on which it has decided on the validity of the request for consultation. In the case of requests for additional elements, this period may be extended by a maximum of 4 months. The final opinion and the status of the ingredient shall then be publicly visible on the Commission’s website. This very recent procedure, only put in place in May 2018, shows that so far the majority of the applications submitted have resulted in recognition of the novel food status of the evaluated ingredients. In March 2020 :

• 28 ingredients are considered “Novel when used as or in foods” (Selenium mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Cocoa pulp juice, CBD isolate purity > 98%…);
• only 1 is considered as “Novel when used as or in foods Not novel only in food supplements” (Maqui berries fruit of the Aristotelia chilensis plant);
• 1 is considered “Not novel only in food supplements” (Coix lacryma-jobi L. – seeds);
• 5 are considered “Not novel when used as or in foods” (Pine cone Pinus sylvestris syrup, Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims., Mineral enriched fungal biomass Aspergillus oryzae).

Lorsqu’il n’y a plus de doute sur le statut novel food d’un ingrédient, sa commercialisation est interdite tant qu’il n’est pas inscrit sur la liste de l’Union, selon la procédure décrite ci-dessous.

The complete procedure for novel foods

A novel food application must demonstrate the safety of the novel food/ingredient and will be forwarded to the authorities for evaluation. The objective of such a dossier is to characterise the ingredient and prove its safety through toxicological testing. The application must provide the elements for the description of the novel food, its production process, composition, specifications, proposed uses and levels of use and intended consumption. Data concerning its history of use and/or source, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, nutritional information, toxicological information and allergenicity are also expected. It is expected that the toxicity tests will show an absence of genotoxicity and a NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level) in rodents and from which the safe dose for human use will be calculated with an uncertainty factor of 200 between the dose studied/tested in animals and the dose allowed in humans. This procedure is now much quicker than under the previous regulation and EFSA must deliver its scientific opinion within nine months, which may be extended depending on requests for additional information. In addition to these deadlines, the Commission must publish the authorisation in the EU list within a maximum of seven months. Experience has shown that EFSA’s assessment of applications which result in a positive opinion and authorisation of the new ingredient is almost always positive, unless there is a clear toxicity problem.

The simplified procedure for traditional foods from third countries

It is appropriate to facilitate the placing on the market in the Union of traditional foods from third countries where it has been demonstrated that they have a history of safe use as food in a third country. Such food must have been consumed in at least one third country for at least 25 years as part of the normal diet of a significant number of people. To this end, information is requested on the description, production process, composition, specifications, history of use and proposed conditions of use of the traditional food for the EU market. The references used may be scientific publications, expert scientific opinions, monographs, information from international or national organisations, government documents, values on cultivation/harvesting, sales and marketing. Additional information can be obtained from cookbooks, recipes and other anecdotal data. This procedure is very fast, as is the consultation procedure and EFSA has to deliver its scientific opinion within four months from the date on which it decides on the validity of the application. Experience shows that EFSA’s assessment is almost always positive, unless it is impossible to conclude on the safety of use (Leaf powder of Moringa stenopetala, maqui berry), of applications that lead to a positive opinion and the authorisation of the new ingredient.

Some major topics in novel food news

The positive EFSA opinion (2017 [4777]) on Ocean Spray cranberry extract had two effects on the food supplement market. On the one hand some may have had a positive reading confirming the high chances of success of a novel food application. Indeed here a perfectly characterized ingredient, with a good decrease of consumption on the source, cranberry fruit, juice as well as various types of extracts and a good exposure calculation was recognized as safe, even without any toxicity data in the animal presented. EFSA’s position was indeed based on clinical studies conducted with other cranberry extracts and three studies on the requested extract. On the other hand, this opinion has generated a great concern among those who consider that if cranberry fruit and juice is food, a cranberry extract has been recognized as novel food. Indeed it should be noted that the type of extract authorized here by the novel food route is the one widely used in food supplements for the urinary tract. The legitimate question asked at the time was that if an extract as classic as cranberry extract is considered as novel food, what about all the plant extracts used in food supplements?

The subject cranberry extract novel food must be put back in its context which was that the initial application, for use in various food matrices such as beverages, yoghurts, had been recognized as responding to novel food for the authorities. It was then during the evaluation by EFSA that the subject deviated and was reduced for safety reasons to the positive opinion that we know. Asked about this, the Commission replied that it did not consider that all cranberry extracts should be considered as novel food, but that only those corresponding to the specifications of Ocean Spray should be considered as novel food.

Turmeric has been in the news since Italy’s alert on cases of hepatotoxicity in 2019, which led France and Norway, Denmark having already done so since 2018, to set or reduce the maximum daily dose of curcumin, authorised as a dietary supplement, to 210 mg, which corresponds to the safety dose defined by EFSA at 3 mg/kg/day for the additive curcumin E100. In addition to this aspect of curcumin dose, the type of preparation of curcuma, novel food or not arises. The Belgian and British authorities have already given their opinion. For Belgians, curcumin (extract titrated at 95% curcumin) is not considered as novel food in food supplements and the intake of curcuminoids with their natural bioavailability (original, present by nature) must be limited to 500 mg of curcuminoids per day. For the British, turmeric oleoresin extract or pure curcumin powder are novel foods. If it is obvious that the very many new turmeric preparations whose aim is to improve natural properties (increased bioavailability, improved solubility, pure or synthetic curcumin, etc.) are novel foods, what about the historical extract of turmeric root with 95% curcuminoids? Asked about this subject, the Commission’s answer shows that the situation is not so clear for historical turmeric extract, as this subject does not appear in the Novel Food Catalogue because it has never been discussed by Member States. As for cranberry, if such a classic extract as turmeric as a food supplement were considered a novel food, what would happen to most other plant extracts?

The bay of maqui is a good illustration of one of the first positive opinions in the consultation procedure, authorised as a food supplement only and novel food, thanks to Italy’s position alone. This berry, in powder and juice form, has also been the subject of a request for traditional novel food. EFSA raised objections and comments concerning safety of use. According to the Novel Food Catalogue berries are not novel food only in food supplements. On the other hand the extract appears as novel food.

Concerning cannabis and CBD, which represent a huge market given the pressure from many operators and trade unions for their use in food, the position of the national (Member States) and European (Commission) authorities expressed in the Novel Food Catalogue is very clear. The seed, its oil and seed meal are allowed while hemp extracts and derived products containing cannabinoids or CBD and CBD obtained by synthesis are clearly novel food. Thus the consultation procedure concluded that the CBD isolate (purity > 98%) is novel food as or in food. Similarly, trans-cannabidiol, synthetic trans-cannabidiol and chemically derived cannabidiol are the subject of ongoing novel food applications.

Conclusion

The various examples presented here show that it is not sufficient that one plant or part of a plant is authorised for all its preparations to be authorised. The assessment must be made on a case-by-case basis, depending on the type of preparation and whether or not it is possible to defend significant food consumption in the European Union before 1997.

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Novel food news about Cannabidiol

Update on the regulatory status of CBD in food in Europe

Cannabidiol and Cannabinoids now clearly considered Novel Food

#	Novel Food ingredient	Status	Source
0	3, 3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM)	🚫
1	4-hydroxy isoleucine	🚫
2	Abelmoschus esculentus	🚫
3	Abies alba	💊
4	Abies balsamea	💊
5	Abies pectinata	💊
6	Acacia arabica	💊
7	Acacia nilotica	💊
8	Acacia rigidula	🚫
9	Acacia senegal	✅
10	Acacia sp.	💊
11	Acacia verek	✅
12	Acanthopanax senticosus	✅
13	Acca sellowiana	✅
14	Acer saccharum	✅
15	Acetyl L-carnitine	✅
16	Achillea millefolium	💊
17	Achras zapota	💊
18	Actinidia arguta	✅
19	Actinidia chinensis	✅
20	Actinidia deliciosa	⚠️
21	Adhatoda vasica	💊
22	Aegopodium podagraria	✅
23	Aframomum melegueta	✅
24	Agaricus blazei (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
25	Agaricus blazei (mushroom)	✅
26	Agathosma betulina	💊
27	Agave salmiana	⚠️
28	Agave sisalana	✅
29	Agave tequilana	✅
30	Agmatine (4-aminobutyl) guanidine sulfate	🚫
31	Ajuga reptans	💊
32	Alaria esculenta	✅
33	Albatrellus ovinus	✅
34	Albizia julibrissin	🚫
35	Allium fistulosum	✅
36	Allium ramosum	✅
37	Allium tuberosum	✅
38	Aloe barbadensis	✅
39	Aloe ferox	✅
40	Aloysia citrodora	✅
41	Alpha-Ketoglutarate Calcium	💊
41	Alpha-Hydroxy-isocaproic Acid	💊
42	Alpinia galanga	✅
43	Alpinia speciosa	⚠️
44	Althaea officinalis	💊
45	Amaranthus caudatus	✅
46	Amaranthus cruentus	✅
47	Amaranthus edulis	✅
48	Amaranthus flavus	✅
49	Amaranthus hypocondriacus	✅
50	Amaranthus leucocarpus	✅
51	Amaranthus mantegacianus	✅
52	Amaranthus paniculatus	✅
53	Ambrosia artemisiifolia	🚫
54	Amelanchier alnifolia	✅
55	Amomum compactum	✅
56	Amomum galanga	✅
57	Andrographis paniculata	💊
58	Angelica archangelica	✅
59	Angelica dahurica	⚠️
60	Angelica pubescens	⚠️
61	Angelica sinensis	💊
62	Aniba canelilla	🚫
63	Annona cherimola	✅
64	Annona muricata	🚫
65	Annona reticulata	✅
66	Annona squamosa	✅
67	Antennaria dioica	✅
68	Anthemis nobilis	✅
69	Aphanizomenon flosaquae var. flosaquae	✅
70	Apis mellifera	🚫
71	Arabinogalactan	💊
72	Arbutus unedo	✅
73	Arctium lappa	💊
74	Areca catechu	🚫
75	Aristotelia chilensis	💊
78	Armoracia rusticana	✅
76	Artemisia annua	🚫
77	Arthrospira platensis	✅
78	Artocarpus altilis	✅
79	Artocarpus communis	✅
80	Artocarpus heterophyllus	✅
81	Artocarpus incisa	✅
82	Artocarpus integrifolius	✅
83	Ascophyllum laevigata	✅
84	Ascophyllum nodosum	✅
85	Asimina triloba	✅
86	Asparagus racemosus	💊
87	Aster tripolium	✅
88	Astragalus membranaceus	⚠️
89	Atriplex hortensis	✅
90	Auricularia polytricha	✅
91	Backhousia citriodora	✅
92	Bacopa monnieri	💊
93	Bactris balanoidea	💊
94	Bactris major	🚫
95	Bambusa sp.	⚠️
96	Barosma betulina	⚠️
97	Basella alba	✅
98	Basella rubra	✅
99	Bertholletia excelsa	✅
100	Betula alba	✅
101	Betula alleghaniensis	💊
102	Betula alnoides	💊
103	Betula pendula	💊
104	Betula pubescens	💊
105	Bignonia lactiflora	💊
106	Bignonia rigescens	💊
107	Bixa orellana	✅
108	Borojoa patinoi	⚠️
109	Borojoa sorbilis	⚠️
110	Boswellia serrata	💊
111	Bovine lactoferrin	💊
112	Brassica eruca	💊
113	Brassica juncea	✅
114	Brassica nigra	✅
115	Brewer's spent grain	✅
116	Bulbine natalensis	🚫
117	Cajanus cajan	✅
118	Calluna vulgaris	💊
119	Camelina sativa	✅
120	Camellia furfuracea	⚠️
121	Camelus dromedarius	✅
122	Canarium ovatum	🚫
123	Cannabidiol	🚫
124	Cannabinoids	🚫
125	Cannabis sativa L.	✅
126	Capparis rupestris	✅
127	Capparis spinosa	✅
128	Capsicum frutescens	⚠️
129	Carduus benedictus	⚠️
130	Carica papaya	⚠️
131	Carissa carandus	💊
132	Carnosine	💊
133	Carthamus tinctorius	✅
134	Carum carvi	✅
135	Castanea mollissima Blume	🚫
136	Catimbium nutans	🚫
137	Celastrus orbiculatus	🚫
138	Centaurea cyanus	✅
139	Centella asiatica	✅
140	Centrophorus squamosus	💊
141	Ceratonia siliqua	✅
142	Cervus elaphus	💊
143	Cetraria islandica	💊
144	Chamaemelum nobile	✅
145	Chenopodium pallidicaule	🚫
146	Chenopodium quinoa	✅
147	Chioca	✅
148	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	🚫
149	Chlorella luteoviridis	✅
150	Chlorella pyrenoidosa	✅
151	Chlorella vulgaris	✅
152	Chondrus crispus	✅
153	Chrysanthellum americanum	💊
153	Chrysanthellum indicum	💊
154	Chrysanthemum morifolium	🚫
155	Chrysanthemum parthenium	💊
156	Cinnamomum verum	💊
157	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	⚠️
158	Cistanche deserticola	🚫
159	Cistus incanus	💊
160	Citrus aurantium	✅
161	Citrus junos	✅
162	Citrus mitis Blanco	✅
163	Clinoptilolite	🚫
164	Cnicus benedictus	💊
165	Cnidium monnieri	🚫
166	Codonopsis pilosula	💊
167	Coenzyme Q10	✅
168	Coffea sp.	✅
169	Coix lacryma-jobi	💊
170	Cola nitida	✅
171	Coleus forskohlii	💊
172	Collagen	✅
173	Colocasia antiquorum	✅
174	Colocasia esculenta	✅
175	Colostrum	✅
176	Combretum micranthum	💊
177	Commiphora subglauca	💊
178	Conjugated linoleic acid	💊
179	Consolida regalis	💊
180	Coprinus comatus	🚫
181	Corchorus olitorius	✅
182	Cordyceps dongchongxiacao	✅
183	Cordyceps sinensis	💊
184	Coriolus versicolor	🚫
185	Cortinarius caperatus	🚫
186	Corylus avellana	✅
187	Costus zerumbet	✅
188	Crataegus laevigata	✅
189	Crataegus oxyachantha	✅
190	Crataegus pinnatifida	💊
191	Creatine Citrate	💊
192	Creatine Pyruvate	💊
193	Crepidula fornicata	⚠️
194	Crocodylus nilotikus	⚠️
195	Cyclopia sp.	✅
196	Cyperus esculentus	✅
196	D-mannose	💊
197	Dacryodes edulis	✅
198	Daucus carota	✅
199	Daucus gingidium	✅
200	Delphinium consolida	✅
201	Dendrobium nobile	🚫
202	Dendrocalamus asper	✅
203	Dendrocalamus latiflorus	✅
204	Desmodium gangeticum	💊
205	Dioscorea alata	✅
206	Dioscorea esculenta	✅
207	Dioscorea opposita	⚠️
208	Dioscorea rotundata	✅
209	Distictis lactiflora	🚫
210	Distictis rigescens	🚫
211	Dolichos lablab	🚫
212	Dolichos purpureus	🚫
213	Durio zibethinus	✅
214	Echinacea purpureae	💊
215	Ecklonia bicyclis	✅
216	Egg membrane	✅
217	Egg membrane hydrolysate	🚫
218	Eleocharis dulcis	✅
219	Eleutherococcus senticosus	💊
220	Emblica officinalis	💊
221	Empetrum nigrum	✅
222	Enteromorpha sp.	✅
223	Epimedium brevicornum Maxim	🚫
224	Epimedium grandiflorum	🚫
225	Epimedium macranthum	🚫
226	Epimedium sagitattum	🚫
227	Equisetum arvense	💊
228	Eragrostis tef	✅
229	Eriobotrya japonica	✅
230	Eruca sativa	✅
231	Ethyl esters (concentrated from fish oils)	💊
232	Eugenia floribunda	💊
233	Eugenia michelii	💊
234	Eugenia uniflora	✅
235	Euphausia superba	🚫
236	Eurycoma longifolia	🚫
237	Euterpe edulis	🚫
238	Euterpe oleracea	✅
239	Evodia lepta	🚫
240	Feijoa sellowiana	🚫
241	Ferula hermonis	⚠️
242	Ferulic acid	💊
243	Festuca arundinacea	🚫
244	Foeniculum vulgare	✅
245	Fucus nodosus	✅
246	Fucus serratus	✅
247	Fucus spiralis	✅
248	Fucus vesiculosus	✅
249	Ganoderma lucidum (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
250	Ganoderma lucidum (mushroom)	✅
251	Garcinia cambogia	✅
252	Garcinia mangostana	✅
253	Gentianella alborosea	⚠️
254	Gigantochloa albociliata	✅
255	Gigantochloa levis	✅
256	Ginkgo biloba	✅
257	Globba nutans Redoute	✅
258	Glucosamine sulphate	💊
259	Gossypium sp.	✅
260	Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson)	✅
261	Grifola frondosa (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
262	Grifola frondosa (mushroom)	✅
263	Gypsophila struthium	⚠️
264	Hamamelis virginiana	💊
265	Harpagophytum procumbens	💊
266	Helianthus annuus	✅
267	Helix aspersa maxima	✅
268	Hericium erinaceus (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
269	Hesperidin	💊
270	Hibiscus esculentus	✅
271	Hieracium pilosella	💊
272	Himanthalia elongata	✅
273	Hippophaë rhamnoides	✅
274	Hirneola polytricha	✅
275	Hizikia fusiforme	✅
276	Hoodia gordonii	🚫
277	Hordeum vulgare	✅
278	Hovenia dulcis	🚫
279	Humic acid	💊
280	Hydnum repandum	✅
281	Hydrocotyle asiática	✅
282	Hydroxy Citric Acid	💊
283	Hygrophorus camarophyllus	✅
284	Hylocereus megalanthus	✅
285	Hylocereus undatus	✅
286	Hypoxis hemerocallidea	✅
287	Hypoxis rooperi	🚫
288	Hyssopus officinalis	✅
289	Ilex asprella	🚫
290	Ilex guayusa	🚫
291	Ilex kudingcha	⚠️
292	Ilex paraguariensis	✅
293	Inonotus obliquus	💊
294	Ipomoea aquatica	✅
295	Ipomoea batatas	✅
296	Ipomoea hederacea	🚫
297	Irvingia gabonensis	✅
298	Jessenia bataua	🚫
299	Juglans regia	✅
300	Juniperus communis	✅
301	L-citrulline malate	💊
302	L-fucose	🚫
303	Lablab purpureus	✅
304	Lactarius deliciosus	✅
305	Lactarius deterrimus	✅
306	Lactarius rufus	✅
307	Lactarius torminosus	✅
308	Lactarius trivialis	✅
309	Lactarius utilis	✅
310	Lactulose	✅
311	Laminaria digitata	✅
312	Laminaria japonica	✅
313	Laminaria longicruris	✅
314	Laminaria saccharina	✅
315	Langermannia gigantea	✅
316	Languas speciosa	✅
317	Laurus nobilis	✅
318	Lavandula angustifolia	✅
319	Lavandula officinalis	✅
320	Leccinum aurantiacum	✅
321	Leccinum versipelle	✅
322	Leccinum vulpinum	✅
323	Lemna minor	💊
324	Lentinula edodes (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
325	Lentinula edodes (mushroom)	✅
326	Lentinus edodus	✅
327	Lepidium meyenii	✅
328	Lepidium peruvianum	✅
329	Leuzea carthamoide	✅
330	Linum usitatissimum	✅
331	Lippia citrodora	✅
332	Lippia triphylla	✅
333	Lithothamnium calcareum	✅
334	Lucuma obovata	✅
335	Lupinus albus	✅
336	Lupinus angustifolius	✅
337	Lupinus luteus	✅
338	Lutein	✅
339	Lycium barbarum	✅
340	Lycopene	💊
341	Macadamia intergrifolia	✅
342	Macrodiscus lactiflorus	✅
343	Malpighia glabra	✅
344	Malpighia punicifolia	✅
345	Malus communis	✅
346	Malus sylvestris	✅
347	Mangifera indica	⚠️
348	Manihot esculenta	✅
349	Manihot utilissima	✅
350	Manilkara achras	✅
351	Manilkara zapota	✅
352	Manilkara zapotilla	✅
353	Medicago sativa	✅
354	Mespilus germanica	✅
355	Methyl Sulphonyl-Methane	💊
356	methylliberine	🚫
357	Momordica charantia	✅
358	Momordica grosvenorii	✅
359	Monarda didyma	✅
360	Monascus albidus	✅
361	Monascus anka	✅
362	Monascus araneosus	✅
363	Monascus major	✅
364	Monascus purpureus	💊
365	Monascus rubiginosus	💊
366	Monascus vini	💊
367	Monostroma nitidum	✅
368	Moringa oleifera	✅
369	Morus alba	✅
370	Morus nigra	✅
371	Musa acuminata	✅
372	Musa nana	✅
373	Myrciaria divaricata	✅
374	Myrciaria dubia	💊
375	Myrciaria floribunda	💊
376	Myrciaria protracta	💊
377	Myrothamnus flabellifolia	🚫
378	Myrtus communis	💊
379	N-Methyl-D-Aspartate	🚫
380	Nasturtium officinale	✅
381	Nauclea aculeata	✅
382	Nauclea tomentosa	✅
383	Nelumbo nucifera	✅
384	Nepeta tenuifolia	✅
385	Nephelium lappaceum	✅
386	Nigella sativa	✅
387	Ocimum sanctum	✅
388	Ocimum tenuiflorum	💊
389	Oenothera biennis	✅
390	Olea europaea	💊
391	Olivella spinosa	💊
392	Omega-3 fatty acid-lysine salt	✅
393	Opuntia ficus-indica	✅
394	Origanum minutiflorum	🚫
395	Origanum vulgare	💊
396	Orthosiphon stamineus	💊
397	Oryza sativa	✅
398	Oxalis tuberosa	✅
399	Oxycoccus macrocarpus	✅
400	Oxycoccus quadripetala	✅
401	Oxytenanthera albociliata	✅
402	Ozohallila nodosa	✅
403	Paeonia officinalis	✅
404	Palm sugar	✅
405	Palmaria palmata	✅
406	Panax notoginseng	💊
407	Panax ginseng	✅
408	Panax pseudoginseng	💊
409	Panax quinquefolius	✅
410	Passiflora edulis	✅
411	Paullinia cupana	✅
412	Penicillium oxalicum var. armeniaca	🚫
413	Perilla frutescens	💊
414	Perna canaliculus	💊
415	Persea americana	✅
416	Persea gratissima	✅
417	Persica vulgaris	✅
418	Phalaris canariensis	✅
419	Pharbitis hederecea	✅
420	Phaseolus angularis	✅
421	Phaseolus coccineus	✅
422	Phaseolus cylindricus	✅
423	Phellodendron chinensis	🚫
424	Phlebodium aureum	💊
425	Phosphatidyl-serine	💊
426	Phyllantus emblica	💊
427	Phyllostachys edulis	💊
428	Phyllostachys pubescens	✅
429	Physalis peruviana	✅
430	Physocaulon nodosum	✅
431	Picea abies	✅
432	Pinitol	💊
433	Pinus balsamea	💊
434	Pinus koraiensis	🚫
435	Pinus pinaster	💊
436	Pinus sibirica	✅
437	Pinus sylvestris	✅
438	Piper nigrum	✅
439	Pistacia lentiscus	✅
440	Plantago afra	✅
441	Plantago indica	💊
442	Plantago ispaghula	💊
443	Plantago ovata	✅
444	Plantago psyllium	✅
445	Pleurotus eryngii (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
446	Pleurotus ostreatus (beta glucan from the mushroom)	⚠️
447	Pleurotus ostreatus (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
448	Polyacetyl-glucosamine	💊
449	Polydextrose	✅
450	Polymnia edulis	✅
451	Polymnia sonchifolia	✅
452	Polypodium aureum	✅
453	Polypodium leucotomos	✅
454	Polyporus umbellatus (dehydrated mycelium powder)	🚫
455	Polyporus versicolor	🚫
456	Porphyra tenera	✅
457	Portulaca oleracea	✅
458	Pouteria lucuma	✅
459	Pouteria obovata	✅
460	Prunus cerasifera	✅
461	Prunus persica	⚠️
462	Prunus salicina	✅
463	Prunus spinosa	✅
464	Psidium guineense	✅
465	Ptychopetalum olacoides	💊
466	Pueraria lobata	💊
467	Pueraria mirifica	🚫
468	Pueraria thunbergiana	🚫
469	Punica granatum	⚠️
470	Pyrethrum parthenium	⚠️
471	Rauwolfia vomitoria	🚫
471	Red clay sea salts	✅
472	Renealmia nutans	🚫
473	Rhaponticum carthamoides	🚫
474	Rhodiola Rosea	💊
475	Rhodymenia palmata	✅
476	Ribose	💊
477	Richeria grandis	💊
478	Rorippia nasturtium-aquatica	💊
479	Rosa canina	✅
480	Rosa moschata	💊
481	Rosa rubiginosa	✅
482	Rozites caperatus	✅
483	Rubus arcticus	✅
484	Rubus chamaemorus	✅
485	Rubus glaucus	🚫
486	Rubus suavissimus	✅
487	Rumex acetosa	✅
488	Rumex crispus	✅
489	Rumex rugosus	✅
490	Ruscus aculeatus	💊
491	Russula claroflava	✅
492	Russula decolorans	✅
493	Russula paludosa	✅
494	Russula vinosa	✅
495	Rutin	💊
496	Saccharina latissima	✅
497	Salacia reticulata	💊
498	Salicornia europea	✅
499	Salvia hispanica	🚫
500	Salvia miltiorrhiza	⚠️
501	Satureja hortensis	✅
502	Schinus terebinthifolius	✅
503	Schisandra chinensis	✅
504	Schizonepeta tenuifolia	✅
505	Sclerocarya birrea	✅
506	Selenicerus megalanthus	✅
507	Serratiopeptidase	🚫
508	Sesamum indicum	✅
509	Silver	✅
510	Silybum marianum	💊
511	Sinocalamus oldhamii	✅
512	Siraitia grosvenorii	🚫
513	Smallanthus sonchifolius	✅
514	Smilax officinalis	✅
515	Solanum angulatum	✅
516	Solanum hirsutissimum	✅
517	Solanum lycopersicum	🚫
518	Solanum muricatum	✅
519	Solanum quitense	✅
520	Sorbus aucuparia	✅
521	Sorghum bicolor	✅
522	Sphaerotrichia divaricata	🚫
523	Sphingo-lipids	💊
524	Spirulina sp.	✅
525	Splenopentin	🚫
526	Spondias lutea	🚫
527	Spondias mombin	🚫
528	Spondias purpurea	✅
529	Stachyose	🚫
530	Stachys affinis	✅
531	Stachys sieboldii	✅
532	Stemmacantha carthamoides	✅
533	Stevia rebaudiana	✅
534	Streptococcus salivarius	💊
535	Suillus luteus	✅
536	Suillus variegatus	✅
537	Synsepalum dulcificum	🚫
538	Syzygium jambos	✅
539	Tamarindus indica	✅
540	Tanacetum parthenium	✅
541	Taraxacum officinale	✅
542	Taraxacum vulgare	✅
543	Terminalia arjuna	💊
544	Terminalia chebula	💊
545	Tetragonia tetragonoides	✅
546	Theobroma cacao	⚠️
547	Theobroma grandiflorum	✅
548	Thymopentin	🚫
549	Thyrsostachys siamensis	✅
550	Thysostachys regia	✅
551	Tinospora cordifolia	✅
552	Tragopogon porrifolius	✅
553	Trametes versicolor	🚫
554	Trapa natans	✅
555	Tribulus terrestris	💊
556	Tricholoma matsutake	✅
557	Trifolium pratense	💊
558	Trigonella foenum-graecum	✅
559	Triticum	✅
560	Triticum aestivum	✅
561	Turnera diffusa	✅
562	Ulva lactuca	✅
563	Uncaria surinamensi	✅
564	Uncaria tomentosa	💊
565	Undaria pinnatifida	✅
566	Urtica dioica	✅
567	Vaccinium macrocarpon	✅
568	Vaccinium myrtillus	⚠️
569	Vaccinium oxycoccus	✅
570	Vaccinium uliginosum	✅
571	Vaccinium vitis-idaea	✅
572	Valerianella locusta	✅
573	Vigna catjang	✅
574	Vigna sinensis	✅
575	Vigna subterranea	⚠️
576	Vigna unguiculata	✅
577	Viscum album	💊
578	Vitis vinifera	✅
579	Volvariella volvacea	✅
580	Withania somnifera	✅
581	Xanthoparmelia scabrosa	🚫
582	Xanthosoma sagittifolium	✅
583	Xanthosoma violaceum Schott	✅
584	Young Tissue Extract from incubated hen's eggs	💊
585	Zea mays	✅
586	Zeolite	🚫
587	Zerumbet speciosum	🚫
588	Zizania aquatica	✅
589	Ziziphus jujuba	✅
590	Ziziphus vulgaris	✅
591	Ziziphus zizyphus	✅